Predictors, Effects and Prevention of Obesity among Children

Summary Children nowadays suffer from diseases which were once considered to target mostly adults. Obesity is one such disease. Research has shown that child obesity has risen dramatically in recent years. This is raising grave concern among health care professionals, experts and parents. This paper strives to examine, describe and evaluate the plethora of factors, contributors and consequences of child obesity in the UK and internationally. Body weight is reflected by a combination of culture, behaviours, education, genes, metabolism, eating habits and social status. Children who carry a lot of excess weight in the form of body fat are classed as being obese. Even though obese children are less prone to developing the health problems obese adults face, they are highly likely to sustain their condition as they are growing up, thus turning into obese adults. Approximately one third of children in the UK aged between 2 and 15 are considered either obese or overweight (National Obesity Observatory 2012). The vast majority of childhood obesity represents an imbalance between the ingested calories and the expended calories. Other causes may include inherited or metabolic disorders, although these are very rare (National Obesity Observatory 2012). Treatment and, more importantly, prevention of obesity is dependent on the actions of all levels of society. Responsibility and measures are taken from health professionals, teachers, the food industry, parents, andShow MoreRelatedObesity And Pregnancy : Early Education And Prevention1290 Words   |  6 PagesObesity and Pregnancy: Early education and prevention Alicia Gonzalez de Arreola ENG 122: English Composition Professor Amy Erickson August 25, 2014 â€Æ' Obesity and Pregnancy: Early Education and Prevention Obesity has become an epidemic not only in the United States, it is worldwide (Sullivan, 2014). Obesity affects both mother and child leading to severe complications during and after birth, therefore measures should be taken to monitor and educate women and women who plan on becoming pregnant.Read MoreChildhood Obesity : A Worldwide Health Issue921 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood Obesity Obesity is known to be a worldwide health issue, with the greatest concentrations of obese individuals in developed countries. 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Widespread obesity has been the extreme result of these changes. I chose this topic because I have worked with children all of my life. I plan to continue my work with children in the future

This Year, I Have Noticed That Many Of My Students Struggle

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Financial Management Tools Financial Decision

Question: Discuss about the Financial Management Tools for Financial Decision. Answer: Introduction This report is helpful to develop the deep understanding about the financial management tools for taking the financial decision in a company. James fishers and sons is the company that has been selected in this report. This company operates its business all over the UK. The report covers an analysis of different types of ratios, financial stability, and liquidity and profit earnings for purpose of assessing the investment opportunity in its stocks. James Fisher and Sons plc is leading service provider of the Marines and Oil and Gas base industries. The company also provides customized solutions and services in the nuclear, construction and transportation sectors. The company provides the innovative solutions to the industries in the most critical areas of their operations and satisfies the customers worldwide. The total numbers of employees were 2747 in the year 2016 and the presence of their group companies in 25 countries at different parts of the world (James Fisher and Sons Plc, 2016). The annual turnover of the company is 437.93m and the market capitalization of the company is 793.30 million (CityWireMoney, 2017). The main strategy of the company is to gain the excellence in their core areas at the global level. Identify Profits, Earnings, and 5-year trend and ratio calculations As per the table and figure, it indicates that the company net profit of the company was 24.12 in Dec 2011 and 40.07 in 2015 so it is identified that the net profit of the company is increased by 60.19%.The reason behind the increase in net profit is the increase or decrease of price of the units. The companys cost such as the cost of finance and common cost (Fixed and Variable cost) is decreased as compared to previous years. These are the main indicators behind the increase in the percentage of profit in last five years. Similarly, revenue of the company is also increased by 307.62 to 437.93 in 2015 i.e. 70.24% from 2011.It is indicated that the company successfully innovations in their services to meet the changing needs of the customers as well as the company used the effective price strategies to maintain the revenue in the last five years. Moreover, the Earnings per share (EPS) of the company is also increased from last five years that is shown in below figure. From the last 5 years, it is identified that the companys increased their dividends on per share i.e. 16.1 to 23.8 it is indicated that the company achieved the good net profits in past years so that they distribute the dividends to its shareholders more (Michael et.al, 2015). And the second reason is that the companys also earns the sufficient profits in their different divisions and also plan to seek more growth and expansion in other areas. As per the above indicators discussed, it reveals that the growth of the company is substantially good in major areas of their operations. It assesses the capabilities of the company to derive profits from its operations. Below given table discuss the profitability ratios of the company for their 5 year period time. Profit margin ratio of the company indicates the higher percentage in the year 2012 it means that the company achieves the highest profit over their sales or revenue. After that, the profit ratio is increased i.e. 9.29 in 2015 as compare to their previous years. The profit margin is increased because the company performs effectively in their area of operations and company reduced their operating expenses. Similarly, the lowest profit margin is recorded in 2011 i.e. 7.84% which means that the competition in the industry was high and company did not produce the economies of scale and the pricing strategies also affected the net profit margin of the company (AccountingExplained, 2016). Similarly, on the other hand, Return on Assets ratio indicated the highest percentage in the year 2012 i.e. 11.15% and lowest in 2011 and 2015 i.e. 7.05 and 8.02.It seems that the company effectively used their assets to generate income. Currently, the ROA ratio is 8.02% it means that the company should e ffectively use their assets by reduced the cost and monitors the expenses of the assets periodically. Also, company can increase the revenues that help the company to increase the percentage of ROA. These ratios affect the financial performance of the business and impact the level of competition in the industry (BDC, 2016). Dividends ratios and their influence on financial performance. Dividend payout ratio is the important ratio for the investors to analyse the sustainable dividends from the company. The consistent trend in the ratio is considered as good as compared to high and low ratio. As per the table, it seems that the company pay out the dividends to their investors at a uniform rate for last 5 years. It seems that the companys operating performance is good and it capable of paying the dividends in future. The company paid 30% dividends to the shareholders in 2015 and 33% in 2011 it indicates that the company manage their debt and operating expenses effectively that improves the financial performance in future. Similarly, dividend yield ratio refers that the cash amount distributed by the company to its shareholders relative to the market value of each share (Gibson, 2012). It seems that the shareholders got 3.20% on the market value of per share and that is highest as compared to the previous years. It means that the investors money is appreciated in the c ompanys assets or stocks. The lowest yield ratio is recorded in the year 2013 i.e. 1.60% it means that the company cannot give the appropriate values to the investors according to the market value of the each share. Dividend ratios help the financial performance of the company; if the shareholders or investors are wealthier then it would be the indication for the company for more capital and investments. It seems that the company gives a uniform percentage of payout to the investors from 2013 to 2015.It also indicates that the company effectively managed their operations in these years and improved their performance effectively. Large dividends payouts are riskier for their future earnings. Financial stability and Liquidity ratios and their impact on financial performance of the company. Financial stability of the company is measured by the solvency ratio. In this ratio, it evaluates the companys debts to its assets and equity (FT, 2016). The debt to equity ratio of the company in below figures indicates that the 1.33 in 2015 which is higher than the previous years. It is indicated that the companys liabilities is increased as compared to its equities. The highest debt to equity ratio is recorded in the year 2011 i.e. 1.60 and after that, there is a subsequent decrease in their ratio levels from 2012-2014.From the above analysis of the 5-year trend ratios, it is assumed that the company has effectively managed their debts in these periods and generated their outstanding money from creditors on time. As per the risk perspective, the current year ratio is not good because it affects the cash flow of the business and company could not take effective decisions in operating and finance activities of their business. The higher debt ratio level limits the credit availabilit y of the company in future (Investing, 2016). The availability of credit is difficult for the company from the various lenders. So the company needs to maintain the debt equity ratio for better investments and extension of business in future. A uniform debt ratio helps the company to attract more investors and credit availability. On the other side the current ratio of the company is recorded highest in 2011 and 2012 i.e. 1.72 it indicated that the company was strongly capable to pay off its short term obligations. The good current ratio is considered is more than 1.After that there is slightly reduction in the ratios in 2013 and 2014 that indicated that the companys was not effectively maintain their inventory levels and working capitals that reduce the ratio levels. Similarly, in 2015 it went up to 1.58 that depicts that the company effectively manages their inventories and generates cash from their debtors to pay off its obligations in short span of time. As per the analysis of the solvency and liquidity ratios of the company it is consider that the company should effectively manage their ratios for good performance in the future. It is considered that the companys ratios reveals the good opportunity for investors to make investments in their projects. Research information about the company that affects the performance of company. This news is related to the BAE system testing of the technology for the ship energy assessment which is enhancing the condition optimization and routing enhancement system. It has impacted the transformation and ship maintenance of the UK companies (Navel technology, 2016). This news was released to develop the technology to monitor the equipment, fuel and energy that can help marine industry in future for better decisions in real time. BAE system is the leading system of the technology to suppliers that helps to monitor the fuel and energy performance of the ships and cargos. This system testing technology was provided by the James Fisher and sons plc in Northern Europe. It is used to monitor the operational performance of vessels at sea to inform potential inefficiencies (Marty, 2012). The SEA CORES is designed to reduce the complexities in the organization. This technique is used for analysis of the performance of the vessels to coordinate with environmental conditions such as weather, energy consumption and performance of ships in marine industry (Nick and Jos, 2012). The usage of BAE system impacts the management decisions such as enables the operator to reduce fuel consumption and minimize wear of the engines, and helps to save costs and increase the availability of the fleet to fulfill operational commitments around the world. Reflection on the company portrayed by journalists and other financial reports James fishers and sons is the leading brand of UK. It offers services to all sectors of marine industry and specialist suppliers of engineering services to the energy industry. It operates its businesses in marine support, offshore oil, specialist technical and tank ship division of the northern European regions (James fishers and sons.com, 2016). James fishers and sons is adopted the BAE system technologies for offering better services to ships in marine sector (Leonard and William, 2013). These are helpful to organization to use the Energy assessment system (EAS) and system information exploitation system (SIE) technology in productive manner. Both the technologies are beneficial for the optimization of fuel consumption and engine efficiency (Brain and kees, 2015). The company can also use the other strategies to optimize the vessels performance in marine sector. Further, this technology provides the valuable information to the company, which helps to better understand how to operate the fleet (Stephen, 2015). However, it is reducing the speed that may affect fuel and management of the optimum speed of the engine. Evaluate the corporate governance. Describe the role of executive directors, non- executive directors and combined code of corporate governance. Corporate governance report of James fishers and sons ensures accountability of different stakeholders towards shareholders by maintaining will disciplined the corporate code of conduct in the marine industry (Alice, 2016). The corporate governance is currently consists of 7 broad of directors such as chief executive officers, non- executive chairman, group finance directors and 4 non-executive directors. All these broad of members contribute towards the established the ethical standard; define strategies and financial objective of the company. Role of executive and non-executive directors: The broad members of James fisher and sons take decisions for betterment of company. Board members are responsible for long-term success of the company with correct strategic direction, management and control employees in the organization. The executive officers role is to take care of day-to-day responsibility of the company (Charles, 2016). Executive directors work for the companys long-term sustainable growth. While non-executive directors have the business and commercial experience to bring independent and objective, judgment by bearing in minds the challenges. Constructively the Executive Directors helps to identify solutions of issues of strategy, performance, resource and standards of conduct. Well-balanced decisions from Non-Executive and Executive Directors enable clear and effective leadership and maintain the highest standards of integrity across the Groups business activities (Richard and John, 2016). Each Non-Executive Director is expected to commit sufficient time to in Board and Committee meetings and to stay in touch with the senior management, shareholders and other stakeholders of company. The combined code is set of best practices applied in the organization for sustainable growth in the market (Thomas et.al, 2015). It was provided by financial reporting council of the corporate governance of the UK. The corporate governance has set of the provisions of the combined code of every company for broad of directors, and relation with shareholders, remuneration and auditing and accountability, leadership and effectiveness of company. In the report of corporate governance, code of financial reporting council helps to better understand each department of the company. It includes board of director, accountability, effectiveness, leadership and relation with the shareholders of the company (financial reporting council, 2016). The broad of director are executive and non-executive director of the company. Relationship with shareholders is also kept in mind while designing combined code by corporate governance. The good corporate governance is important for achievement of the goals and target of the company in effective way. Analysis of Asset value per share and current market share price and investment opportunities for investor After analysis of the asset value per share and current market value of share, it can be concluded that the company has the potential shown incremental market price per share and asset value of per share in last 5 years. Further it has also been analyzed that the company dividend payout ratio has increased in 2015 as compared to past years. This can make the shares of company attractive in capital market (Anderson, 2014). Therefore, it can be suggested to the investor to invest their money in this company, as it will be beneficial for future return over their investment. Conclusion From the above report, it is concluded that it would be a productive investment decisions for investors to invest their money in stocks of James Fisher and sons plc. The market price per share of this company has continuously increased in last 5 years. This could provide the capital gain benefit to shareholders. Along with this, the dividend yield ratio of company has increased from 2012 to 2015 continuously. It also depicts good opportunity for investors to invest their money in this company. Further, it can be concluded the BAE system techniques are applied in the company to enhance the performance of the company. This technique would be helpful to company for improving operational efficiency and reducing cost of different operations. This way, it can maximize companys profitability. References AccountingExplained (2016) Return On Assets (ROA) Ratio [Online] Available at: https://accountingexplained.com/financial/ratios/return-on-assets (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) BDC (2016) 4 ways to assess your business performance using financial ratios [Online] Available at: https://www.bdc.ca/en/articles-tools/money-finance/manage-finances/pages/financial-ratios-4-ways-assess-business.aspx (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) CityWireMoney (2017) James Fisher and Sons plc (FSJ.L) [Online] Available at: https://citywire.co.uk/money/share-prices-and-performance/share-factsheet.aspx?InstrumentID=1210 (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) Finanical Times (2016) Equities [Online] Available at: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/financials?s=FSJ:LSE (Accessed by: 18th January 2017) Gibson, H. C. (2012) Financial Reporting and Analysis. USA: Cengage Learning. Investing (2016) Financials [Online] Available at: https://www.investing.com/equities/james-fisher-and-sons-balance-sheet?cid=32794 (Accessed by: 18th January 2017) James Fisher and Sons plc (2016) About James Fisher [Online] Available at: https://www.james-fisher.com/about/ (Accessed by: 17th January 2016) LondonStockExchange (2016) FSJ FISHER (JAMES) SONS PLC ORD 25P [Online] Available at: https://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices/stocks/summary/fundamentals.html?fourWayKey=GB0003395000GBGBXSTMM (Accessed by: 17th January 2017) Market watch (2016) James Fisher Sons PLC [Online] Available at: https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/fsj/financials/balance-sheet (Accessed by: 18th Janauary 2017) Navel technology (2016) BAE System tests new SEA-CORES technology to improve ship maintenance. News, views and contracts from the global naval industry, 17 January [Online] available at: https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsbae-systems-tests-new-sea-cores-technology-to-improve-ship-maintenance-5005844 (Accessed on 17 January 2017) James fishers and sons.com. (2016) About us [Online] available at: https://www.james-fisher.com/about/ (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Klettner, A. (2016) Corporate governance of regulation: the changing roles and responsibility of boards of directors.UK: Routledge. Rice, C. (2016) annual report and account, corporate governance report, PP.25. [Online] available at: https://www.jamesfisher.com/files/5014/5933/3634/Corporate_goverance_report_James_Fisher_Annual_Report_2015_WEB.pdf (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Leblanc, R., and Fraser, J. (2016) the handbook of broad governance: A comprehensive guide for public, private and non-profit broad members. USA: John Wiley and sons. Haperen, V.K., and Wilson, B. (2015) Soft system thinking, methodology and the management of change.UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Dam, V.N., and Marcus, J. (2012) Organisation and management: An international approach. UK: Routledge. Financial reporting council (2016) The UK Corporate Governance Code, corporate governance, pp.1-32[Online] available at: https://www.frc.org.uk/Our-Work/Publications/Corporate-Governance/Final-Draft-UK-Corporate-Governance-Code-2016.pdf (Accessed on 18 January 2017). Investing.com (2017) James Fisher Sons plc (FSJl). [Online available at: https://www.investing.com/equities/james-fisher-and-sons-earnings?cid=32794 (Accessed on 17 January 2017). Doumpos, M., Zopounidis. C., and pardalos, M.p. (2012) Financial Decision Making Using Computational Intelligence. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Guastello, J.S. (2015) Cognitive Workload and Fatigue in Financial Decision Making.USA: Springer. Lockenhoff, C., Strough, J., and Hess, M.T. (2015) Aging and Decision Making: Empirical and Applied Perspectives. USA: Academic press. Maclean, C.L., and Ziemba, T.W. (2013) Handbook of the Fundamentals of Financial Decision Making. USA: World scientific. Martin, M. (2012) The Inner World of Money: Taking Control of Your Financial Decisions and Behaviors: Taking Control of Your Financial Decisions and Behaviors.USA: ABC-CLIIO. Webster, A. (2014) Financial Decision Making Under Uncertainty. USA: Academic press.

To be the person that I am now, I had to reflect a Essays

To be the person that I am now, I had to reflect and accept accountability of my past actions. My past is one that many would love to erase from their memory, a past that involves a divorce, counselling, court ordered restraining order, supervised visits, 2 mental health diagnosis in high school, and much more. I try not to let the negative events and situations in my life define who I am today but it would be naive of me to say that they didn't impact my life and push me to become who I am here today. My life seemed completely normal until the divorce, I don't remember the fighting or the court proceedings but I do remember missing my dad like a part of me was missing. I was four years old when my parents first separated, and I don't remember very much from that time but the memories I do have aren't the happy family memories that we all read about and see on television. My parents did their best to keep the divorce proceedings as civil as possible to keep me as oblivious as possible, and with a four-year-old it was pretty easy. I may not remember my parents going through the actually divorce but I do remember the questions, supervised visits and blaming myself for almost 10 years for my parents failed marriage. I remember at the age of three I was sitting on the kitchen floor looking down the hallway listening to my parents scream at each other, then my mom walked out of her room picked me up and took me to the living room to play as my dad snuck out the back door to go for a dri ve. While my parents were in the process of separating, my father made some very serious threats against my mother which resulted in a court ordered restraining order against my dad for myself and my mom. The restraining order against my dad put the supervised visits into play. What is now called Firefly, was then called The Patricia Centre for Children and Youth (PCCY), and that is where I could see my dad. Now at the age of four I didn't understand why I could only see my dad in an office building but I didn't care, all I cared about was the few hours a week that I could spend with him. The supervised visits were arranged by the court and the PCCY, and the way it worked was I would be able to see my dad once a week for a few hours one day in a room where there were 2 social workers in the corner of the room watching us and taking notes, I was only allowed to see my dad under these conditions. The supervised visits were going very well and I raised no questions regarding the reason why I could only see my dad under those conditions, this was all until one day in Walmart. My mother and I were shopping and as I turned around a corner and walked down the aisle I looked up and to my surprise I found my dad at the other end of the aisle, and just like any other child I ran up to my dad giving him a huge bear hug and with tears in his eyes he had to push me of him and walk away. That is a memory that has stuck with me for the past 17 years, a memory that I will never forget. As it was, my life was being turned upside down and I couldn't even have imagined how it was going to affect me and my life years down the line. I am not sure exactly when I moved out of my now broken home but I do remember the strange feeling of packing my life away into boxes and moving into my aunt's house down the street. I wasn't aware until later that my mom didn't have enough money to support herself and I living in that big house on a single income and it wasn't until recently in my lif e that I have been able to understand the true burden of lacking

Parallel Construction

Parallel Construction Parallel Construction Parallel Construction By Maeve Maddox A common writing fault is faulty parallelism. In writing, parallelism is a similarity of construction of adjacent word groups. Faulty parallelism results when words, phrases, or clauses are mismatched. Here are some examples of faulty parallelism: Hiking is more fun than to swim. Hiking is a verbal noun. To swim is an infinitive. Better: Hiking is more fun than swimming. To hike is more fun than to swim. Sandra Bullock is beautiful and has intelligence. Beautiful is an adjective; has intelligence is a clause. Better: Sandra Bullock is beautiful and intelligent. Sandra Bullock has beauty and intelligence. Even though we have had peaceful protest, there has been protest that was violent, even today. This sentence from a student essay about a tradition of violence in the United States has several problems. The first clause begins with a true subject, we, while the second clause begins with there. The delayed subject of the second clause is protest. Having protest as the object of a verb in the first clause and the subject of the verb in the second clause is awkward. More imbalance results from the mix of past and present verb tenses and the tacked-on phrase even today. Even though seems to call for a stronger contrast than what follows. Better: Even though we have had peaceful protests, violent protests have been common and continue today. The nightly news is full of stories about missing children or stories that someone tried to abduct some children at a bus stop. This example is also from a student essay. The structural imbalance results from the fact that the first storystories about missing children is qualified by an adjective phrase, while the second storystories that someone tried to abduct some children at a bus stop is qualified by an adjective clause. Better: The nightly news is full of stories about missing children and child abductors. The nightly news is full of stories about children who have disappeared from their homes or who have been abducted at bus stops. A recent Apple ad for the iPad contains an example of faulty parallelism in the list of words interspersed with a series of screenshots: delicious current learning playful literary artful friendly productive scientific magical All but one of the words is a descriptive adjective. Learning is a verbal noun. The adjective that would fit with the other adjectives is educational. Perhaps the copywriter felt that the word educational is too stodgy for an Apple ad targeting fun-loving consumers. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Chemical Formula for Ethanol - Chemistry

Chemical Formula for Ethanol - Chemistry Question: What Is the Chemical Formula of Ethanol? Ethanol is ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. It is the type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Heres a look at its chemical formula. Answer: There is more than one way to represent the chemical formula of ethanol. The molecular formula is CH3CH2OH. The empirical formula of ethanol is C2H6O. The chemical formula also may be written as CH3–CH2–OH. You may see ethanol written as EtOH, where the Et represents the ethyl group (C2H5). Learn how to distill ethanol. Ethanol Properties Ethanol, like other alcohols, is flammable, volatile, and colorless. It has a characteristic odor. Ethanol has psychoactive properties. Other forms of alcohol also have such properties, but ethyl alcohol is considerably less toxic to humans than methanol or isopropanol. Ethanol Uses In addition to its recreational use, ethanol has many other applications. It is an important disinfectant and antiseptic. It is a common solvent, of particular use because it is miscible in both water and organic solvents. Ethanol is used for the synthesis of other organic compounds. Ethanol is a clean-burning fuel.

Decision Making Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decision Making Case Study - Research Paper Example The first step is to create a question that has no judgment in it. according to Rundall et al. (2007), the question must be to the point and not too broad or narrow. In this case, the question that may be appropriate is, "Which programs that we have now are most used by our patients?" This question would get to the heart of the problem. When program managers need to cut services they sometimes cut across the board instead of looking at the changes that can be made without interrupting services. In this step, the manager gathers information from a variety of sources. This means they are not only paying attention to their department, but they are gaining knowledge form the people who are using services as well as suppliers, colleagues, and anyone else who has a stake in the organization. This should also include the board members. According to Gudes, Kendall, Yigitcanlar, Pathak and Baum (2010), involving major stakeholders and users of services in decision making insures that information comes from diverse sources and encourages strong collaboration between those interested in the organization. Also, this collaboration insures that change is an ongoing process instead of a series of one shot deals. In a clinical setting, having several people to give information allows for an understanding of the full picture, which is very important when services must be cut. I found that the websites in this section were very good for funding information on a global level. They provided current research that could be used to compare and contrast specific information to see the bigger picture for Medicaid and situations in a clinical setting. Rundall et al. (2007) suggest that in this step, the organization must take a deeper look at the evidence and make sure that it is "accurate, applicable, actionable and accessible" (p. 336). This is an important step because after step 2, there will be a wealth of information

Disaster Preparedness & Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disaster Preparedness & Response - Essay Example This phase also tries to minimize the effects of disasters. Because of this, they are not dealing with the disaster directly, and have time to make long term plans and programs that are best suited for them to carry out. These plans include things such as making building and zoning codes, which this phase is mot adept for because of the time they have not during the crisis to plan out these codes. You wouldn't send in a quick recovery team to try to figure out planning codes. This phase is also best for planning out and figuring out which areas are vulnerable to disaster, and analyzing this data and figuring out what can best be done about it. And lastly, the Migation Phase can best handle public education, as they have the time when there isn't a disaster going on to help educate the public about emergencies. The Preparedness part of the cycle is just as important, but can best handle its own inner workings. If is best left to making the preparedness plans, as they are going to be the ones using them and putting them into action. They are also the best to handle the warning systems, as they know how to best set up a system that can be ready to go and prepared to help people if an emergency is to happen. The Response Team has its own activities that it is best at.

English Traffic Light Curious Incident Essay Example for Free

English Traffic Light Curious Incident Essay Mark Haddon uses Christopher’s explanation of his confusion to create sympathy for Christopher throughout the book. Christopher is a 15 year old boy with Asperger’s Syndrome. Christopher is extremely intelligent when it comes to maths and science. However, in the common cases of communicating normally, he struggles. He rejects being touched, and when he has absorbed too much information, he can’t handle it; he crouches on the floor and groans. His life is not a normal one; he goes to a special school, has no one he talks to who is of the same age, follows a strict timetable and lives alone with his father. This thing that Haddon has included creates endless sympathy for Christopher. In Chapter 29, Christopher reveals and justifies why he hates metaphors. He thinks that metaphors ‘should be called a lie because a pig is not like a day and people do not have skeletons in their cupboards. ’ This is an example of how Christopher doesn’t think like other people. This makes you have sympathy for him because he doesn’t understand that metaphors are used for; making things more interesting, to make more sense of things by finding similarities. In addition, Christopher’s tone, narrative voice, also contributes to the sympathy for Christopher. The very easy and comprehensible language uses makes you understand how he thinks; ‘And then it started to rain and I got wet and I started shivering because I was cold. And then it was 11:32 p. m. and I heard voices of people walking along the street. ’ After each chapter in the book, which go up in prime numbers, with parts of the actual story, Christopher tends to babble on about memories, calculations and ideas, which sometimes can be slightly boring. Nonetheless; they show how Christopher thinks. This makes you feel sympathy for him because he clearly finds it difficult to focus on one thing; ‘The Hound of the Baskervilles is my favourite book. ’ And it shows that he can only understand maths and science because that’s mainly what he always talks about. Furthermore, the way Christopher expresses his love for his father is different from the usual hug; ‘He held up his right hand and spread his fingers out in a fan. I held up my left hand and spread my fingers out I a fan and we made our fingers and thumbs touch each other. We do this because sometimes Father wants to give me a hug, but I do not like hugging people, so we do this instead, and it means that he loves me. ’ This makes you feel sympathy for him because he can’t spread simple signs and messages to communicate love to people in the same way you’d expect or would find normal. Moreover, he has a strict routine timetable which is unlike others; (pg 192) To add to it, he finds it hard to distinguish between a smiling face and a crying one. (pg2)

Cindy Sherman Essay -- Essays Papers

Cindy Sherman Terror and mockery come together in the portraits of Cindy Sherman on display at the Crocker Art Museum. Walking into the large, dimly lit ballroom, one may begin to feel a slight sense of trepidation as the viewer looks around to find nine sets of beady eyes watching one’s every move. Sherman produced her History Portraits during the late eighties and early nineties, nine of which are displayed at the museum. In her portraits she uses lush fabrics, lavish jewelry, and false body parts to decorate herself in these self-portraits. Her portraits have been know to cause discomfort in the viewers who find the general stereotypes, depicted in her portraits, amusing, yet confusing and terrorizing. Sherman’s Untitled #225 (Blond Woman) triggers those exact emotions. The portrait is a large colored photograph created in 1990. An eighteenth century blond, Madonna-like, young lady sits poised with one hand on her exposed artificial breast as if she is nursing a baby. She is well dressed in a blue satin dress, small white beads laced through her braided hair, and a tiara atop her head. Her icy, blue eyes stare off to the left with a harsh, cold expression. With her breast aimed high, spewing fluids, in the same direction as she stares, it is difficult to imagine what is going through her head, however it is clear that it is something of an almost vindictive and unforgiving nature. Possibly, she points her breast toward a man who betrayed her or harass...

Inventory Control System and Restaurant Essay

In the study conducted by Md Taha Hanisha entitled Online Restaurant Management System (2008) a system that provides service facility to restaurant and also to the customer. The services that are provided are food ordering and reservation table management by the customer through the system online. With this system online, ordering and reservation management will become easier and systematic to replace traditional system. With this study, the ordering and reservation services will be easier to the customer because it can be done through the internet. The study helps the proponents to improve the services of the business through online and they knew the different demands that the company must meet. According Li, et. al. (2011), the E-commerce on-line catering reserving and ordering system based on mobile intelligent terminal is system integrates with wireless communications, artificial intelligence, and database technologies and achieves many functions, such as reserving, ordering, evaluation, recommending, restaurants navigation, scheduling, information displaying, and ordering records management, etc. The system has realized customer-focused, personalized, and high quality catering reserving and ordering service and has been used in several restaurants in Beijing. With the use of modern information technology it improves the operational efficiency of restaurant and catering enterprises. This study gives the proponents an idea to which the system helps the business in different operations with the use of the technology. The system integrates with wireless communications that could help the company to have a high standard performance. Local Related Literatures According to the studies conducted by the Distributors Edge (2010), Distributors of all kinds are now facing challenges to their survival and success as today’s difficulty economy puts increasing pressure on inventories. As competition in testifies, cost raise, customer expectations increase, and profit margins continue to shrink; the margin for error around inventory management has continuously narrowed. Now, wholesalers/distributors are forced to confront the dilemma associated with inventory. They must determine how to keep stock levels as low as possible without sacrificing customer service. Unfortunately, their pain points are increasingly exposed. Whether they are stocking electrical supplies, medical devices, automotive parts, food and beverage products, building materials, or products from other sectors, most distributors are now challenged to rethink their approaches to inventory management. At this point, the proponents became aware of the current situation of inventory systems through the passing and upcoming years and that inventory system now must be accurate and perfectly working in order to provide good service and satisfy the users. Foreign Related Studies In the study conducted by David Piasecki entitled Inventory Management System (2012) a multi-user application that offers fast and user friendly facilities for registration and managing a wide range of telecommunication networks and platforms. This includes IP, MPLS, SDH, SONET, PDH, WDH, Fiber, Ethernet, NGN, Frame Relay, Mobile, DCN, Sync etc. can be used across the entire organization. This means that the needs of the technical departments, sales through to senior management are all well catered for. A comprehensive, integrated view of the entire network can be represented by IMS and can be used to automate delivery and communications. Automatic configuration, Planned Work impact analysis, Network Reconciliation, Single Point of Failure calculations, Warehouse and Spare Management are all facilities which increase the effectiveness in terms of speed and consistency of delivery. This study helps the proponents to know on how a business must manage its inventory to have a better performance of the operations. There are different modules specified, with this, the proponents were able to have a guide to make the inventory system effective and useful in the business. In the study conducted by Admin entitled Wasp Inventory Control System (2010) a system that will help the individuals to eliminate a common inventory problem including Costly end of yearly inventory write-offs, Inaccurate inventory counts resulting in customer dissatisfaction and loss of sales, Wasting time spent searching for missing inventory. Engineered to improve efficiency and profitability, Wasp Inventory Control provides the capabilities you need to accurately track inventory, without the complexity of an enterprise solution. Idea for businesses ranging from individual contractors to larger operations with multiple locations, Control delivers advanced capabilities in an easy-to-use. After reading the article above, the proponents chose this topic because the system can help to lessen a huge amount of problems within the company regarding the yearly cost and the inaccurate inventory counts. With this, the system can control the operation well because of the capabilities it provides. According to Khimes, Restaurant customers appreciate the convenience of being able to make restaurant reservations online, but they also like the personal touch of telephone reservations. A study of 696 restaurant customers found that nearly one-third had made an online reservation. Those who made reservations online tended to be younger than those who did not, and online users also ate out more frequently. Those who made online reservations considered those reservations to be significantly more convenient than telephone reservations, and the online users also thought that websites gave more information about a restaurant than what they learned by calling on the telephone. At the same time, those online users felt that they had a better personal connection with the restaurant when they made telephone reservations. This tradeoff between efficiency and service perceptions points to a strategy of offering reservations via both methods. Emphasizing the convenience of online reservations may encourage customers to use the website, and that will give restaurant operators more information about their customers. Whether a restaurant uses a third-party reservation service or builds its own website, one key to ensuring a successful reservations process is to make the electronic process as straightforward as possible. At this point, the proponents come up with an idea regarding the effective way on reservation process on restaurants. And also, they determine what is more convenient to the customer in making reservation online or through telephone. Giving emphasis to the convenience of online reservations may encourage customers to use the website, and that will give restaurant operators more information about their customers. According to Tiffany (2012), if you are owner of a restaurant then you can consider the system called online restaurant reservations. Utilizing reservation system for your restaurant is a much better idea for you to develop your business and increase your customers as well. If you wish to install reservation system for your restaurant then you have to think about some important aspects. With the help of installing online dining reservations system it is possible for you to run your business more effectively than ever before. Also this system includes some of the effective tools which really help you to have a proper plan on managing the tables. So it should be best deal for you to earn more income. You can even get restaurant reservations online system with the combination of table management system. These days many of the restaurant businesses providing this online restaurant booking option to their customers. Many of the restaurant owners create websites for their business in order to reach the customer instantly without any difficulties. So it is very simple for the people to get details about the particular restaurant by searching internet. But your business site must be more attractive one with some superior pictures of your restaurant and even you can upload some special dishes pictures next to the menu on your site. As a fact the visitors will be impressed and they can prefer your restaurant to order their favorite foods. So most of the time, you can find a huge number of restaurant reservation systems providers on the internet. This study gives a lot of ideas to the proponents, there are such benefits and advantages for the company if they have websites and online services such as reservations and other transactions. Today, business must track on the innovation of the modern technology so that they can meet the demands of the user. This kind of advertising can definitely impress people to have preference on the restaurant. Local Related Studies In the study conducted by JeonSoft Solution Enterprises entitled JeonSoft Inventory System (2003) provides easier and faster way to monitor the movement of your business’ stock of goods. It is interactively designed to possibly do the common tasks done in customary way. From item entry, releasing of the items, inventory adjustment, transferring of goods from one warehouse to another and production, sure you can keep track of your inventory. JIS uses JibesXP Tools that has been especially configured with properties that would help you organize well the flow of your inventory. After reading the article above, the proponents chose this topic because the system provides an efficient way monitoring the movement within the company’s stocks releasing items, inventory adjustment, transfers and other productions or operations.

Low Fat Diet and Cancer Link

Cancer is a very concerning and alarming concept in the present society mainly because of its negative implication on the lives and health welfare of the people afflicted with the ailment. As such, the health society and other concerned organization channel much interest, efforts and resources to study the range and biological nature of cancer together with its likely causes, contributory factors and the long-awaited treatment for the problem. Among the targeted issue is the low fat diets and their link to certain cancers particularly the breast cancer. In the general health field concern, it is dominantly established that diet has a significant effect to the health of an individual namely the likeliness of breast cancer to women. This concept is already strongly accepted with the support of many scientific studies and researches. However, on a particular view, how is low-fat diets actually related to breast cancer problem and whether this is on a positive or negative perspective. Most of the studies in this context relate the diet nature to the reduction of the chances of each women of having breast cancer. A particular study conducted by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation establishes that low-fat diet significantly reduces breast cancer chances for women as according to their study, fat content of the women is directly related to the amount of estrogen she has to be converted to estradiol. This estradiol in particular is the biologically active form of estrogen that can promote the growth of breast cancer cells (Paskett, 2004). On another perspective, other studies have also established that low-fat diets can also significantly reduce breast cancer relapse. A particular experimentation conducted by the Women’s Intervention Nutrition Study (WINS) has found that women who reduce their consumption of dietary fats have affected their breast cancer condition developing them to become estrogen receptor negative (ER-negative) (National Cancer Institute, 2005). These studies and other have indeed linked low fat diet to be a significant preventive mean against breast cancer. On the other hand, other studies and scientific journals claim a different look on the context, as their researches have found no significant link between low-fat diet and cancer. On the perspective of low fat diet as a preventive mean, the results of the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial have established that there are no significant benefits to be gained in a low-fat diet. Their subject assigned to this diet strategy did not gain natural defense or protection against known cancers such as breast, colorectal, and even cardiovascular diseases (Harvard School of Public Health; 2007). Another report derive from the findings of the American Medical Association states that the reduced risk with low-fat diet and the occurrence of breast cancer is not statistically significant to have a preventive effect or solution offering to the problem (Bhattacharya, 2006). However, it must be noted that the claims derive from this studies, though contradicting the benefits of low-fat diets, are not sufficient reasons to stack up on dietary fats and oils. It is still established and widely accepted that low-fat diets have a significant effects to the cancer problem and health aspect though still not specified by scientific supports and research findings. It is still important to follow help advices and intuition in pursuing low-fat diets that is high on rich-carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins which are equally beneficial to the overall health and the natural protection against certain diseases and health problems. Bibliography Bhattacharya, Shaoni (2006). Low-fat diet may not reduce cancer and heart risks. NewScientist.com News Service. Reed Business Information Ltd. http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn8697.html. October 11, 2007. Harvard School of Public Health (2007). Low-Fat Diet Not a Cure-All. http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/low_fat.html. October 11, 2007. National Cancer Institute (2005). Low-Fat Diet May Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer Relapse. U.S. National Institutes of Health. http://www.cancer.gov/clinicaltrials/results/low-fat-diet0505. October 11, 2007. Paskett, Electra D. Ph.D. (2004). Low Fat Vs. Low Carb Diet Studied in Breast Cancer. Ohio State University Medical Center. http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/mediaroom/press/article.cfm?ID=1746&i=64. October 11, 2007. Â  

Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 †Theology Essay

Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 Theology Essay At the top of my mission statement, it reads, â€Å"I found my existence on the principles of integrity and excellence.† I hold this sentence very dear to my heart; it is the foundation of the purpose of my life- of my very existence. I constantly strive for the best. I continuously pursue the path that leads me highest in any endeavor- be it academic, physical, or spiritual. And I had not always espoused this philosophy to the degree I do now- the effort to strive for the top in my early years was never quite serious or even remarkable, so I really had never come into any conflict with the principle of equality embraced by the law of consecration. No conflict, of course, until complete application of this philosophy of excellence made me realize the full power of the law and understand its potential greatness†¦ and its danger. In section 82 of the Doctrine and Covenants we come to a scene in the spring of 1832 where the Lord has decided to introduce a key element in the path towards creating a people worthy of Zion- worthy of living under the glory of a celestial law. This element is the law of consecration. To begin with, the Lord tells a group of his servants, Edward Partridge, Newel K. Whitney, and others that they â€Å"are to be equal, or in other words, [they] are to have equal claims on the properties, for the benefit of managing the concerns of [their] stewardships, every man according to his wants and his needs, inasmuch as his wants are just† (DC 82:17). The Lord is basically giving them a commandment that they are to be equal. Now, granted this verse is simply talking about the management of certain businesses, but it is a part of a great whole- the whole commandment of the Law of consecration. In this Law, the central principle dictates the saints are to be equal; they are to â€Å"be e qual in the bonds of heavenly things, yea, and earthly things also†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (DC 78:5, italics added). The Lord of course mentions that they are to be equal in heavenly things, but the striking addition is that they are also to apply this equality to their worldly possessions and activities! The law of consecration is part of the â€Å"celestial law,† meaning it is that which those who are worthy of and striving for the Celestial Kingdom embrace. Truly, a mode of living worthy to be called â€Å"celestial† falls within that category of excellence that we are striving for. However, when first examining the law of consecration and its principle of total equality for all, I couldn’t help but feel a certain tie with the equality of man promised by communism and socialism. Not that I have a problem with human beings being equal economically or in any other manner. However, although my full understanding of true excellence bloomed later in my life, the concept of compelled equality always gave me a sense of discomfort and repulsion. I now understand why- it is contrary to the very essence of excellence to force a group of people into dead-level equality; I have always, consciously or otherwise, believed that there is nothing more unequal than the equal tre atment of unequal people. When you force those who are striving to be great to come down to the level of those who are putting forth little effort, or worse, those putting forth only enough effort to plunder the labors from the noble individuals on top, you punish excellence. You punish ability and talent; you stifle competence and genius. This was my objection to forced equality. And for a short time, it seemed that the law of consecration was just this very thing- after all, wasn’t it a commandment? Herein lies the paradox. It seemed that the Lord was telling the saints to strive for excellence, but simultaneously instituted a program that punished and stifled it. However, God is not a god of contradiction and confusion. The most important thing the reader must understand in examining this apparent incongruity is the very nature of the people who make up the true United Order, the Law of consecration. First, â€Å"equality† in that sense as it is spoken by the Lord in sections 78 and 82 does not mean dead-level equality. President J. Rueben Clark, Jr. stated that the equality spoken of in these sections of scripture are â€Å"not a case of ‘dead level’ equality. It is ‘equality’ that will vary as much as the man’s circumstances, his family, his wants and needs, may vary† (Conference Report, Oct 1942, p. 55). Obviously then, God is speaking here of relative equality- dependent on the circumstances and positions of His children. Furt hermore, coming back to the nature of the people who comprise the celestial society of Zion- they are not the bottom-feeding, looter type. They do not hope to steal from the efforts of those who are striving to be great. They strive to be great themselves. True equality is wonderful; the equivalence that comes from an individual freely choosing excellence and then surrounding himself with similar individuals is truly celestial. But this equality cannot be forced- such a constraint is the element of Lucifer’s plan. The true follower of celestial law espouses excellence by free will and endeavors to seek â€Å"the interest of his neighbor,† and do â€Å"all things with an eye single to the glory of God† (DC 82:19). Eventually, however, as outlined primarily in section 104, the law of consecration was rescinded only two years after its introduction to the saints. This section details centrally the procedure of taking the ownership of the various businesses involved in the United Order out of the names of the order itself, and into the names of several individual servants of the Lord, including Edward Partridge and Newell K. Whitney, as mentioned above. Thus, the order was officially dissolved. Why was this celestial law revoked? Why was it taken away from the lives of the saints when the potential for greatness and progression was so imminent? The Lord mentions specifically several times that they had â€Å"broken the covenant through covetousness, and with feigned words† (DC 104:4). They were covetous of their neighbor. In short, they were guilty of the great sin- pride. Pride is a disease. It stifles righteous progression in every form. The most evil of all- our brother Satan, fell to his pitiful and lowly state because of his pride. The early saints, although certainly not as evil and malicious as Lucifer, nevertheless were perpetrators of the sin of pride. C.S. Lewis tells us that â€Å"Pride is essentially competitive- is competitive by its very nature- while the other vices are competitive only, so to speak, by accident† (Mere Christianity, p. 110). The â€Å"other vices† Lewis speaks of include all other sins, including greed or immorality. A greedy man may want to hoard millions of dollars for the pleasure, but a prideful man will do the same just to be above all the others. It is enmity and evil competition in its very basic form. Someone guilty of pride does not necessarily take pleasure in being rich, or smart, or handsome. They only seek to be richer, smarter, or more handsome than the next man. Thus, it is the very opposite of the law of consecration- the celestial law which advances excellence in the individual- in essence being the â€Å"best one can be.† Additionally, rather than competition, consecration encourages the care and help in advancement of one’s neighbor. The saints were condemned for the lack of ability to stifle pride and live the Law of consecration, but Heavenly Father is forever merciful to his children. He took away the celestial law, removing further condemnation, and instituted a the new law of tithing as outlined in section 119. This incident has a glaring parallel to the children of Moses. Unable to live the higher law, the Israelites were given a law of carnal commandments, which was a â€Å"schoolmaster† to bring them to Christ (Galatians 3:24). In this same manner, the Latter-day Saints have also been given tithing, a schoolmaster to bring us to the celestial principles of consecration outlined by Christ. It is comforting to know that our Lord will never give us greater commandments than what we are worthy of. It is equally comforting to understand that He wants us to be excellent- he has given us guidelines and commandments for us to progress in that manner. Does consecration contain danger? Does it really repress talent? In continuation of the passage from section 82, â€Å"and all this for the benefit of the church of the living God, that every man may improve upon his talent, that every man may gain other talents, even a hundredfold† (DC 82:18). Truly, we have nothing to fear. I am thankful for the opportunity to progress and help my fellow man become excellent even as I strive to be. Creation of united order Principle of excellence and â€Å"shooting for the top†living the celestial law however, causes conflict with my own philosophy of excellence because I had thought that forced equality punishes the excellent for being excellent true followers of celestial law espouse excellence Dissolution of united order celestial law is brought down because of pride – expound on prideSimilar to children of Moses – preparatory law of tithing in place to be a schoolmaster for consecration Research Papers on Doctrine and Covenants Summary Essay #1 - Theology Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

How LinkedIn Networks You like a Pro

How LinkedIn Networks You like a Pro Recently I needed to build momentum as a certified SEO copywriter. Enter LinkedIn, a highly undervalued networking resource for writers, and suddenly, I had a new strategy for landing writing gigs. The types of writing gigs one reaches for on LinkedIn can be typically found under â€Å"search job† tab where you also enter your location. There is a plethora of niche driven writing and editor jobs which companies and agencies pay big bucks to advertise. Such gigs include technical, romance, email marketing writer, B2B/B2C, freelance, copywriting, digital content, SEO writers, among many others. But consider also using LinkedIn to network with potential people who may need your services. For example, if you’re an SEO content writer, you might want to network with CEOs of SEO agencies. Or if you are a freelance writer, you might want to connect with editors or publishers. There are two ways to leverage LinkedIn as a professional. The first is optimizing your LinkedIn profile and the second is networking. Be Keyword Friendly   Just like on any social media site, your prospect has just a few seconds to size you up. There are two prime real estates on LinkedIn: Your title and your profile. 1) A professional title that spells out your focus or niche.   Keywords help you build professional credibility. They are also used 2) A strong profile describing how you help clients. Using a bit of sales copy helped me restructure my profile so it’s not about me but what I can do for the client. (https://www.linkedin.com/in/doritsasson/)   Consider using the powerful second person, â€Å"you.† What does your prospect currently struggle with and need help with? If your prospect is a hiring manager representing clients, what are your client’s pain points? Increase Personal Outreach The more people you know on LinkedIn, the higher the chances your profile will be seen Adjust Your Profile Settings Once you increase your networking pool, start making those direct contacts. Leverage your network When a prospect views my profile, I immediately follow up with this short but sweet note: Hey, Prospect X, I noticed you were looking at my profile. I was just wondering if you needed marketing, writing, or any SEO support. If so, I’d be happy to hop on a call and talk with you. Thanks! There you go†¦nothing too scary! Post Regularly Finally, be sure to post regularly. No-one wants to hop on your LinkedIn profile only to find that the last time you’ve posted was six months ago. Inactivity shows a lack of professional commitment. Happy networking!

Introduction and Background of Collective Action Essay

Introduction and Background of Collective Action - Essay Example An exceptionally applicable problem while investigating the flow of collective action is the attributes of the created or developed association, relative to upholding the mutual interests. Much of the time, the results of the collective action are very reliant on the kind of associations included, additionally to the institutional strategic plans, which are set up locally. In the ecological domain, for instance, it is important to recognize whether the collective prevails as an initiative by an association specifically controlled by the group or whether national/provincial administrative powers control and uphold its practices. From this point of view, there are two refinements of collective action: collaboration (base up, individual-to-individual collective action) and coordination(top-down, organization driven collective action). While some base up collective actions may get administration bolster, others prevail without its support. Additionally, some top-down and relative actions develop due to administration arrangements however don't get any bolster, while other aggregate activities receive backing from neighborhood and/or administrative bodies

Political Machines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Political Machines - Essay Example Therefore, the basis of political machines is on people who have dissimilar and varying interests. Theodore observes that the different people share a common link despite their fear and ignorance. Theodore perceives that the sole purpose of political machines were to develop American cities equally. This move aimed at promoting urban democracy (Lowi 84-85). Theodore allude that new machines replaced old ones. This essay rejects the arguments of Theodore Lowi. The new and old political machines display similarities signifying that nothing has changed in the governance of American cities. To start with, although some cities such as New York have experienced some reforms in their mode of governance, there are no considerable changes in others cities such as Chicago. For instance, Theodore asserts that Chicago maintained a strong hold of old political machines in the year 1967. This is opposite to the case of New York, which embraced new wave of political reforms. In the year 1967, Chicago reaffirmed and consolidated its old ways of doing political unlike New York, which ushered in political transformation (Lowi 85). This depicts that old machines is still in existence and did not disappear as Theodore claimed. The power of political machine still prevails in Chicago and there is no prediction of its disappearance. Second, new political machines depict many commonalities with the old ones. Methods of employment to senior positions resemble the old way of recruitment. This new method picks those candidates who have experience in their careers. This succeeds the dubious way of selecting candidates to the political seats. According to Theodore’s essay, the so-called reforms have painted politics as a dirt game. This is a perpetuation of the old political machines, which embraced such mode of electing people to occupy top ranks. Big cities such as New York have poor governance despite the fact that there is competent management team (Lowi 85-86).

The past world expo economy influence and effect on property market in Essay

The past world expo economy influence and effect on property market in previous host cities and countries - Essay Example The first of such exhibition was held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London in 1851. It was named at that time as â€Å"the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations† and rightly so because this exhibition celebrated the coming of age of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Thus the 1851 Great Exhibition was not only a trade fair but also a display of scientific, industrial and technological inventions. Queen Victoria’s consort, Prince Albert, possibly did not foresee that what he conceptualised would become today’s third grandest event after the FIFA World Cup and the Olympic Games, considering its impact on culture, on society and the nation’s economies. Today, the World Expo has come a long way. It is not only a trade fair and a showcase of new scientific and technological advances and inventions but it is also a means of promoting cultural correspondence and transfer and a way of finding solutions to issues that hound humanity. Moreover, it becomes a platform of presenting a strong national image before the whole world. In other words, it affords countries to advertise their assets and perceived advantages over other nations. The pavilions that each country construct have become competitive in terms of lavishness, splendor, magnificence and cost. There is a contest as to who builds the most stunning and most memorable pavilion. So many World Expo historians are of the opinion that the geodesic dome of the US pavilion in the 1967 expo in Montreal, Canada is the most memeorable and the glass and iron Crystal Palce of UK in the 1851 World’s Fair in London as the most imposing. In each world expo, all countries try to express s ome theme via its architectural design and the contents of its pavilion Thus each World Expo is characterised by glitter, glamour, visions and images (Maddox 2004, p. 79). The

The context of Reward management

The context of Reward management In 1960s and 1970s the main cause behind introducing incentive schemes was to build path of giving workers wages and salaries at a time of government controls (Bowley et al 1982). Due to lack of proper strategy and policies, some of employers gain reduced cost and even below 50% of increased outcomes; in 1980s and 1990s the concept of paying people was changed where worker were paid for their performance rather than attendance; similarly taxation policy was slightly changed as lower rate in income tax(Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005). Payment system has been drastically changed in Britain over the last twenty years and lots of concepts are emerged in relation to compensation and remuneration which are directly in control of management; similarly, in USA, a new concept of payment has emerged under the rubric of the New Pay. This new pattern has great influence on Britains management practice and government as well (White, G and Druker, J, 2000). The new pattern of thinking about New P ay in Britain is reward management (term used by Armstrong and Murlis 1988) has same management concern. Then, these concepts fall upon two ground; 1) rewarding employees for work done and 2) remuneration system to be conditional upon business policy. Furthermore, the interest in reward system concept had been boosted by IPD professional syllabus which includes lots of unit and title on employee reward and a specific text book (Armstrong, M, 1999). The new syllabus by IPD provides higher emphasis on rewarding employees and employees satisfaction towards job. However, this holistic approach of payment has not, to date, reflected in academic literature, where controversy arises between micro-economics literature of labor economists and human resource literature. The former concern was about effect of pay on whole economy and impact on inflation, productivity and employment. Afterward, in contrast, draws both upon the industrial with regulation with employment relationship and organiza tional behavior (White, G and Druker, J, 2000). Now, the existing textbook focused largely realistic than imaginary, which ignore collective bargaining and employee voice, continue to play in lots UKs organization (Armstrong, M, 1999).The parallel employee relation also include title to describe pay bargaining systems (Gennard, J and Judge, G, 1997). Most importantly, the impact of control relation with in the work area and its impact on reward management plans and policies are polished over IPD texts. Core personnel and Development text (Marchington, M and Wilkinson, A, 1966) being an honorable exemption to this approach. Reward management has fascinated increased attention in recent years. Pay structure and system of payment are collectively determined and influenced by context of society in which they implemented (Steven, J, 1996). For most of the work is, in the main, a source of disutility, and they therefore require payment to compensate them for the time they devote to it. (Elliott R.F, 1991) Reward management is not only about money. It is also concerned with those non-financial rewards which provide intrinsic or extrinsic motivation (Armstrong, M and Murlis, H 1988) Reward is about how staffs are rewarded and valued in return of their performance towards organization which may includes both financial and non financial rewards and embrace the plan, policies , strategies, and reward layout prepared by an organization to maintain smooth reward system (Armstrong, M, 2009).It signifies one of the vital factors supporting the employment relationship (Kessler, 2005). It can be defined as fundamental expression of job relationship. It is concerned with the formulation, and implementation of plans and policies to reward employees fairly, equitably and consistently on the basis of their performance. The development, maintenance, designs and implementation of reward system is done to fulfill needs of both organization and employees (Armstrong, M, 2009). Both organizational and employees values are significant for align reward practices (Brown, D, 2001). It can influence a number of human resource policies, processes and practices which have great impact on organizational performance(Lawler, 2000a).It becomes an essential tool to coordinate, communicate and reinforce the organizational goal because it incentivizes staffs to achieve objectives and apply required capabilities and skills supporting them (Brett, S, 2006). As a result employee feels that they are considered as valuable asset of an organization (Jaques, E, 1961). All the organization has their own reward system without that employee would not join, come to work and perform less than they are supposed to perform with the mission statement of organization (Wilson, T, B, 2002). Reward system is a system which contains various interrelated process and activities done effectively in order to fulfill organizational goal and maintain employees value (Armstrong, M, 2009). It consists of monetary reward (Fixed and variable) and non monetary (employee benefits) which together mixed and form total remuneration. The main sections of reward system are process, practice, structure, scheme and procedure. Process includes job evaluation, market rate analysis and performance management, Practice includes financial benefits and non financial benefits provided to employees, Structure describe level of rewarding people on the basis of structure and their performance, Schemes explain financial rewards and incentives provided to employees, Procedure for maintaining system and ensuring that worker work according to standard and value of money. Reward system provides systematic way to deliver positive consequence (Wilson, T, B, 2002). Cost is the vital factor in reward and for service oriented organization, labor cost have important proportion on overall cost; however, lower labor cost doesnt always minimize cost , some time high labor cost leads towards increased turnover because of excellent performance due to motivation(Pfeffer, 1998). The proper implementation of strategic reward management helps to change employees behavior and attitude towards organization due to effective reward strategy; there are number of factors which mix along these type of straight-forward cause effect relationship; therefore, there is high possibility that reward strategy might helps in organizational change (Marchington and Wilkinson, 2005). Reward Issues Boardroom pay has been brought back under the attention after it emerged that CEO of FTSE100 companies receive around  £3.2 m in 2006 where analysis also emphasize that there is narrow gap between American and British pay(The Times, 29 October 2007).Employees of the largest UK companies are ultimately starting to contribute the decent amount of defined contribution and pension; Employers are tends to put much less defined into the defined payment pensions that has largely replace salary scheme for new employees- only 6-7% of salary, Paul Macro, senior consultant with the firm saidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦approximately 15% of the salary that generally accepted as being the level of contribution needed to provide a decent income in retirement (Financial Times, 14th November 2007). Employee compensation, remunerations and reward (terms that may be used interchangeably in the literature, although compensation tends to predominant US commentary) may be defined as all forms of financial returns and tangible services and benefits employees receive (Milkovich and Newman, 2004:3). Reward Theory Labor Market Theory The term labor market implies that, the struggle on labor in capitalist society where product and services are traded in market; employee tries to spend their labor in maximum best prices and similarly employer bargain to purchase labor in minimum best price (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Classical labor Market Theory The concepts of constant choice by the groups to effort-reward relationship emphasize classical labor market theory; the demand of labor meets supply of labor exactly where pay will be determine in labor market is known as market clearing'(Black, J, 2002). The only effective policy is to pay what other do (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003:15). Fig: According to above figure, the supply of labor is equal to demand of labor where employee will accept the job at the price that offer by employer: it is a value of marginal productivity of labor. This theory explain that there is tough competition among employer in term of paying their employees but finally every employer has to pay same as everyone pays. This theory indicates that paying strategy always leans toward symmetry where demand and supply of labor meets. This model of the employment system address the famous classical economist Adam Smith and its neo classical restatement by other neoclassical economists like: Jevons, Menger and Walrus; every one is free to choose their best price either employees or employers, employee compete with other employee for wages and similarly employer compete with other rivals for labor(Watson, M, 2005). Logically looking for Maximum utility, worker will accept work after comparing overall benefit of different works; thus work that are less satisfying, include more threat and hard to achieve mastery will require higher amount of wages compare to other work whose feature are opposite (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). However, the concept of labor market was changed form middle of twentieth century, number of research indicate that the real situation of labor market doesnt run according to previous assumption given by classical economists; the paying system might effect in market force whereas some economists argues that it needs to remove market distortion'(Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). Whether or not, labor supply by employees to employers is not the single economic issues; it is the effort employed by employees when employed (Rees, 1973) Stand as alternative economic theory of classical labor market theory, institutional Labor Economic Theory describes the different wage level and dependent on organizational issue; employees and employers anticipation will be rest on maximizing in their financial concern (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). In term of strategic initiative, higher level executive plan the contract in such a way that it minimizes the economic cost by putting labor satisfaction in effective and efficient ways; in other word, both employees and employers make a decision about work relationship comparing all the economic issues and interest; rationality between both party and their interest and wants remain significant Transaction Cost Theory Assumption (Williamson, O, 1975). Similarly, Resource Based Theory of Firm explains that economic effectiveness and efficiency will be increase through subsidiary scheme to take benefits of organizational resources; employee reward are parallel to HRMs other features a nd is arranged to maintain organizational culture (Kessler, I, 2001; Purcell, J, 1999). Whereas, new institutional approach strategy theory describes the number of political and social issues tackling employees in an organization; organizational system (both internal and external) helps to design better employees reward system (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Human Capital Theory Human Capital Theory makes an assumption that individuals gather human capital by investing both time and money in training and development, education, and other various opportunities based program in order to increase their efficiency and productivity and as a result employees value to employers (Abercrombie, N et al, 2000). Human Capital Theory (developed by Schultz and Becker in the 1960s) differentiates between expenditure made on human capital and employees consumption; market are for the service of capital, not the reserve capital itself. In order to achieve HRM objectives of motivating employees and get work done through them, manager must balance between cost and skills (Hendry, C, 2003). Exchange Theory explains the relationship between production, employees and employers enter into the contract that employees are willing to accept work and perform their best; similarly, employers are agreed to pay extrinsic rewards and working environment; then employers change hired labor power into labor economic values where employer are likely to invest more in permanent workforce than in temporary workforce (Atkinson, 1984; Kalleberg, 2003). Efficiency Wage Theory According to theory, the managerial policy to gain more efficient employment agreement in medium term; worker will employ their capita; to secure optional work boost pay rate but it cause loss to the employer so, paying higher reward levels is a logical employers reaction in order to hold skilled employees (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). This theory also describes a possible corrective aspect, concentrating on what economists do to labeled soldiering on the part of worker; more optimistically, this theory theoretically introducing a sorting effect'(Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Those organization who needs more and skilled human capital to operate their business use above-market wage levels in order to attract expected employees; where close supervision will be reduced; this relates to Responsible autonomy policy (Friedman, A.L, 1984). Paying above-market reward for skilled workforce might be suitable option than to employ additional supervision; this concept will be attractiv e in case of knowledge workers (Rubery, J, 1997). Principle Agent Theory Principle Agent Theory is also known as Agency Theory with the concept the deferred payment method; it emerged as dominant theory on economics and management in term of pay determination process and results; according to this theory, reward system must be design in the way that it satisfies the employees in term of pay and internal ladder of advancement; employees need full payment of their work and effort in short term, in other hand if job length is long then employees stay beyond the below market rate in early phase of employment (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). This theory emphasize result based deferred reward such as profit sharing, gin sharing, incentive plans, stock ownership etc designed for high level staffs; the size of deferred reward depends upon job complexity; Employees potential total earning and career opportunity will determine the risk sharing behavior of employees (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Role of employees and employers should be designed effectively t hat it simply explain the characteristics of individual represent that position; thus role theory simply explain how behavior and attitude are socially influence (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Internal Labor Market Internal labor market where organization search for a constant association with their workforce; structured internal labor market may be created and maintained few or all the employees from external labor force effecting on organizations ability to preserve its worker (Keer, 1954, cited in Hendry, C, 2003). The theoretical construct of the labour marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may be more precisely defined as an administrative unit within which the market functions of pricing, allocating and often training labor are performed. It is governed by the set of institutional rules which delineate the boundaries of the internal market and determines its internal structure. These or administrative hiring and work rules defines the ports of entry into the internal market, the relationship between jobs for purpose of internal mobility, and privilege which accrue to worker within the internal Market (Doeringer, 1967:207, cited in White, G, 2000) In united state, after the First World War the development of internal market emerged where demand of both products for equity from trade union and modern personnel management was emphasized in long-term planning (Cappelli, P, 1995). In contrast, most British entrepreneur didnt build internal labor relation but depends upon market mechanism for obtaining labor (Gospel, 1992). Under ILM, wages and salaries was attached with work rather than employees (Williamson, O, 1975). Workers are rewarded through long-term benefits and advantages rather than monetary reward where pricing and allocation of labor are determined by organizational rules and policies (Garhart, B and Rynes, S.L, 2003). Wage Gap Theory Another neo-institutionalist approach was Wage Gap Theory which indicate the same dominant power exercise by employers on their product market to distribute higher part than the normal profit with the employees and employees commitment towards organization for enduring of production (Heery, E, 2000). Wage rate across six OECD nation remained almost equal and controlling labor quality and effectiveness. (i.e. USA, Canada, Sweden, Australia, Norway and Germany); the wage paid to employees in return of their effort seems less considerable comparing with rate of trade union and collective bargaining (Zweimuller, J and Barth, E, 1992). Criticism of neo institutionalist arguments The practical role of employees reward construction and level of typical social science whether at national level or organizational level; management has required employment relationship on more flexible pattern in order to transfer risk from employer to employee and to facilitate organizational product market or to enhance return on shareholder investment. (Rubery, J, 1997).During 1980-1990, the institutional approach of designing fair wage and arrangement with reward enjoy by employees were reduced, supported by government policies that pay should be based upon organizational ability to pay which reduce the power of trade union and popularity of the collective bargaining (Beaumont and Hunter, 2000) The existing reward determination theory was found ineffective in its overruling importance on stability and mutuality building where as majority of interest is on employment relationship thats why labor market policies should be reconsider; more attention should be given for disputes that profit values are redistributed between organizational stakeholders to privilege economic capital over human capital; the expectation between groups, balance of policies have courageously transfer in the side of management (Rubery, J, 1997). Reward Objectives The success of any reward system fully depends upon clear and concise objectives; the first step in consulting a strategic corridor through the reward jungle is to set achievable objectives, basically, to make employees satisfied and get work done from them is a primary objective of reward system (Brown, D, 2001). Organizations are starting to understand that pay should not de considered in term of particular job and financial results; the compensation should be inextricably being attached to employees, their performance and organizational vision and goals as well as most valuable and important tools for communicate, coordinate and reinforce the attitude and behaviors for results (Flannery et al, 1996). Reward management aims to support the achievement of organizations strategic and operational objectives, helps to communicate, drive and support expected attitude and behavior, promote continuous development, compete in employment market, enhance teamwork, and promote flexibility, gai n fairness and equity (Armstrong, M and Murlis, H, 1998). Similarly, support culture management and change through matching pay and organizational culture as a whole, where as it cannot drive change or lead change process, cannot define change, cannot establish values and cannot establish effective leadership (Flannery et al, 1996). Furthermore, the European study under total rewards underpinned the following as a objectives and themes of rewards: introducing more flexible and changeability reward rather than control oriented and highly structured, market driven rewards, more flexible employee based, focused on variable pay, promoting boarder concept of reward in relation to contribution in their organization, implementing variety of reward tools, involving managers and staffs in those rewards cases and so on(Perrin,T, 1999). Total Reward Reward that include not only traditional, financial component (salary, wage, pay, benefit etc) but also non-financial component (job responsibility and accountability, career opportunities, training and development etc) provided by an organization in order to motivate its employees (Thumpson, 2002). Reward that covers not only tangible pay like pay and benefits, but also intangible factors, such as opportunity to work flexibly, career development, trainings and environment where employees feels respect and valued (Brett, S, 2006). It includes direct as well as indirect and intrinsic as well as extrinsic (Manus and Graham, 2003), which embrace everything that employee values in employment relationship (Oneal,Sandra 1998). The combination of both monetary and non-monetary reward which helps to address every staff whether they want financial or non financial; the tools that are used to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employee in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness that drive desired attitude in workplace (World Bank, 2000). Total reward is vertically integrated organizational strategy and horizontally integrated with HR strategies to gain internal consistency (Armstrong, M, 2009). The success of totals reward strategy is almost all depends upon monetary and non-monetary rewards provided to employees by employers (Davis, M.L, 2007). an approach to providing a package of reward to employees in the way that optimize employee satisfaction with reward from their work, and which does this in such a fashion that the employees contribution to employer is optimized at an acceptable cost -Vicky Wright, CIPD vice president (CIPD National Conference 2001) It is fairly simple to understand but very complex in operation owing to the wide -ranging implications forà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..reward management (Richards and Hogg, 2007:4) All the employers available tools that may be used to attract, retain, motivate and satisfy employees, this encompasses every single investment that an organization makes in its people, and everything its employees value in the employment relationship. (World Bank, 2000) The termà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦adopted to describe a reward strategy that brings additional component such as learning and development, together with aspects of the working environment into the benefit package. It goes beyond standard remuneration by embracing the company culture, and is aimed at giving all employees a voice in the organization, with the employers in return receiving and engaged employee performance. (Richards and Hogg, 2007:1) Whistling the initial definition on offer, the relationship might be distinguish between total reward and various thoughts and ideas like employee well-being and psychological contract (Guest and Conway, 2004); similarly, emotionally intelligent leadership (Brown et al, 2006; Goleman, 2002; Palmer et al, 2001); mutual gain'(Bacon and Blyton, 2006); as well as employee involvement program (Cox et al, 2006) and high involvement work practice'(Huselid, 1995) and so on. Therefore, adopting the wide concept of reward, everything that employees get in return of their efforts is total reward (Davis, M.L, 2007). Therefore, the total reward component of World at Work can be summaries as follows: compensation, benefits, work-life, performance and recognition and development and career opportunities (Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). In USA, both old and new style organization are taking on board total reward strategy. In other hand, same author comment that too often, when companies talk about total reward they simply mean providing generous benefits and positive workplace. Guaranteeing jobs, supporting an attractive work-life balance, adding benefits and pay- scale, encouraging development and opportunities and making work area appealing all makes poor business sense without understanding the needs of high performance. They also told they feel most existing solutions ignore performance and encourage entitlement (Zingheim, P and Schuster, J, 2000). Transactional (tangible) Rational (intangible) Communal Individual Work Environment Core value of the organization Leadership Employee voice Recognition Achievement Job design and role development( responsibility, autonomy, meaningful work, the scope to use and develop skills) Quality of work life Work-life balance Talent management Benefits Pension Holiday Health care Other perks flexibility Learning and Development Work place learning and development Training Performance management Career development Pay Base pay Contingent pay Cash bonuses Long-term incentives Shares Profit sharing Figure: 2 Towers Perrin model of Total Reward Source: (Armstrong, M, 2009) In the above given figure, upper two boxes (i.e. Pay and Benefit) indicate transactional reward which are financial in nature. In other hand, lower two boxes (i.e. Learning development and work environment) indicate rational reward which are non financial in nature The effective reward is the one which consist of both transactional and rational rewards (Thompson, 2002). The success of organization depends upon its staffs. If staffs are satisfied and loyal towards organization than overall goals can be achieved. However, some business organization fails to motivate their employees in aspect of reward. So, considering the fact, organization should apply both financial and non financial reward (i.e. Total reward). Financial/ Extrinsic Reward Rewards like pay, benefit, salary, incentive are financial or extrinsic reward; various kinds of benefits and perks provided to employees in non-cash as a benefits and helps to motivate employees to perform better, similarly it also shows employers interest in employees well being(Perkins, J.S and White, G, 2008). Non-Financial/ Intrinsic Reward Intrinsic reward can be divided into two parts; Environmental reward and Development oriented reward (Kessler, I, 2001). Environmental rewards are like employees value shown by senior supervisor, managers in work place, sensitivity of supervision and leadership excellence; similarly, development oriented reward are individually targeted to enhance career development and opportunity as well as helps to built sense of accomplishment in employees(Milkovich and Newman, 2004). Intrinsic reward is also regarded as psychological reward which indicate psychological contract in work relationship (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.).